Contemporary And International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Contemporary And International Marketing - Essay Example of globalization has constrained nations and the organizations to widen their systems and execute these procedures in different markets to grow the size of their business and economies. Additionally, TVs, cameras, media transmission administrations and items and electronic contraptions are in extraordinary interest by shoppers and organizations, who are engaged with creating these items and administrations, consider this to be request as an incredible chance to deliver significantly more noteworthy incomes. The development of business can be as outside direct speculations, Greenfield adventures, authorizing and diversifying or by opening up an auxiliary in cross fringe areas. Organizations can be associated with global markets for accomplishing advantages and criticalness of creation dependent on the expanded flexibly and request in outside business sectors (Lukac). In Sony’s case, the Japanese combination chose to venture into global markets for conveying advantages of its it ems and administrations to the clients all around the base and consequently, augmenting its yearly incomes and shareholders’ riches (Sony Corporation). Sony has isolated its business into five geographic locales. These are Japan district, United States locale, European area, Asia-Pacific locale and Other Areas which remember various markets for Africa, North and South America and Oceania. Sony makes its significant benefits in United States, Japan and European areas, on account of the mass selling of its correspondence devices and TV in these districts. Sony’s yearly incomes in 2011 were added up to around 7,181,273 Japanese Yen which are - 0.0045% lower than the incomes revealed in 2010 (Sony Corporation). Sony thinks about four developing markets as its future possibilities for setting up manufacturing plants and operational offices... This report focuses on that Sony offers an assortment of normalized items through the geographic locales where it is working together. These items can be named electronic gadgets, games and diversion arrangements. These classifications incorporates a scope of TVs and projectors, home theaters, cameras, workstations, games, convenient amusement arrangements, phones, batteries and chargers, fringe gadgets and so on. Purpose behind creating and conveying normalized items to the objective clients at scattered areas is the significant expense of delivering and conveying separated items. Besides, consumers’ inclinations for electronic merchandise and contraptions are same all around the globe which permits Sony to sell its trademark and standard items all through. This paper makes an end that the audit of Sony Corporation’s business uncovers that the organization has set up itself as the producer of value electronic merchandise and devices. The consistency in quality conveyed to the clients and after deals administration makes Sony the world’s biggest maker of electronic products and a dependable name in the field, which causes the organization to keep up the present piece of the overall industry and pull in new clients. Besides, the monstrous size of its business, which is scattered in 5 areas of the world, causes Sony to bulldoze its rivals, which is enhanced by the techniques received by the organization with respect to its advertising blend.

Nowadays it is widely accepted Essay Example

These days it is broadly acknowledged Essay These days it is generally acknowledged that social setting incredibly impacts a people improvement in numerous viewpoints and for the duration of their lives. Formative brain science expects to portray how youngsters create and its amazing hypotheses rose to offer general clarifications of kid advancement overall, as opposed to simply certain regions (Oates et al., 2005, p. 49). In this exposition, the fundamental components of the four thousand hypotheses of kid advancement are talked about, investigating in more detail which perspectives inside the social encounters are investigated by every amazing hypothesis. With the end goal of this paper, while examining social encounters we will allude to any social part of human experience, including socio-social settings and social relations and their items. A portion of these encounters have been considered by the field of formative brain science so as to examine and research how childrens psyches and conduct change all through their life expectancy. This field of study has delivered numerous speculations that propose theory to clarify various parts of kid advancement. Among these, four speculations stick out and are here and there alluded to as stupendous hypotheses: behaviorism, social learning hypothesis, constructivism and social constructivism. The reasons why they are alluded to as fabulous speculations are many overlap, primarily, they give clarifications of kid advancement all in all, rather than simply concentrating on fractional viewpoints, and they are inconceivably persuasive. These amazing speculations have roused extraordinary measures of research, at various times, and their applications keep on being utilized to help youngsters to defeat their own formative difficulties. We will compose a custom paper test on Nowadays it is generally acknowledged explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Nowadays it is broadly acknowledged explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Nowadays it is broadly acknowledged explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Behaviorism originated from a longing to move toward brain science as a target science by examining perceptible quantifiable occasions, in other words, by contemplating conduct. As far as kid advancement, it clarifies that the youngster is an aloof beneficiary whose conduct is formed by ecological impacts and that conduct is found out and kept up by its results. In behaviorism, improvement is identical to learning and the way toward learning practices is called molding. Molding portrays how the outcomes of a given conduct influence the probability that conduct will be rehashed later on for example in the event that a conduct creates a positive result, for example, a prize, the recurrence of that conduct increments. On the other hand, if the outcome of a conduct is negative, for example, a discipline, conduct diminishes. Watson and Rayner played out an investigation where a young man, little Albert, was adapted to react with dread to seeing a white rodent by slamming a ringer boisterously when he was indicated a white rodent (Watson, 1924). Consequently, he additionally indicated dread of hairy toys, a fur garment and even a Father Christmas cover. The unconventionality of this and other behaviorist investigations (Skinner, 1938) (Huesmann et al., 2003) represent, at any rate to some degree, a significant impediment of behaviorism: it disregards the inborn subjective procedures during learning. Furthermore, the capricious and undesired negative impacts of these examinations clearly present genuine moral issues. Behaviorism doesn't expressly talk about the job of social encounters. In any case, by observing the earth and the outcomes of conduct as determinants of learning, behaviorists were verifiably allocating a significant job to social encounters, since social association and social show intensely impact nature in which learning happens and the results of practices. For instance, a similar conduct might be compensated in a family or society yet rebuffed in another. Behaviorists idea that youngsters learn new practices just dependent on the outcomes of their own activities was viewed as constrained by the Social Learning Theory (SLT). As indicated by them behaviorists didn't represent genuine perceptions of how kids additionally learn new aptitudes, practices and perspectives from watching and impersonating others. For instance, considers have depicted how Guatemalan young ladies figure out how to weave by watching models weave (Crain, 2000). Besides, Bandura and others concentrated how watching others being rebuffed or compensated for their activities impacted childrens learning and conduct. This view, in this way, allots a fundamental job to outer components to help clarify learning, as recently done by behaviorism. These ideas were upheld by a progression of studies Bandura did, in which 4-year-old kids were indicated movies of a man carrying on forcefully towards a Bobo doll. In this manner youngsters saw the keeps an eye on forceful conduct being rebuffed, compensated or without any outcomes (kids were partitioned in three gatherings). Later youngsters were disregarded in a stay with a Bobo doll and later showed forceful practices towards the doll. As indicated by Bandura these investigations outlined how kids took in these practices exclusively through perception. Likewise kids who saw the man being rebuffed subsequent to hitting the doll showed less animosity contrasted with kids in the other two conditions (Bandura, 1965). These discoveries began the significant discussion that despite everything proceeds with today on the results of presenting youngsters to savagery on TV. What's more, further examinations indicated that youngsters are bound to impersonate conduct on the off chance that t hey share a comparative age and sex with the model and if the models show alluring traits (Oates et al., 2005). These perceptions may likewise be pertinent to the present discussion encompassing VIP culture and the impact of big names as good examples for youngsters and youngsters. Critically, all together for a kid to copy practices, Bandura clarified that the kid must take care of the model; have the option to digest, encode, hold and perform genuinely its fundamental perspectives and be persuaded to replicate that conduct (Oates et al., 2005). Subsequently, this hypothesis sees youngsters as having a progressively dynamic job in their learning and recognizes interior psychological procedures that happen inside the kid (Bandura and Jeffery, 1972). In any case, he doesn't address childrens psychological procedures in detail and portrays kids advancement as a procedure of learning new practices as opposed to a procedure of subjective turn of events. For that another hypothesis is required: constructivism. Constructivism is a hypothesis proposed by Jean Piaget that depicts subjective advancement as dynamic and helpful (Oates et al., 2005). It is dynamic since it suggests that youngsters experience four characterized and requested phases of psychological turn of events. It is valuable since it suggests that advancement is the childs own development whereby the kid creates and amasses progressively intricate and theoretical mental portrayals of his/her own reality and encounters (diagrams). They are built through the relationship of a childs encounters with their resulting impacts. In Piagets hypothesis diverse center ideas are related with a given phase of advancement. So as to build up whether a kid had advanced to the following formative stage he structured exploratory undertakings connected to those center ideas. One of them was protection for example understanding that an amount (for example mass, volume, and so forth.) continues as before regardless of whether introduced in various holders. In Piagets tests youngsters up to the age of 6 or 7 believe that amount changes when for instance water is moved from one compartment to an alternate one for example taller, shorter, and so on. (Oates et al., 2005). Nonetheless, resulting considers, similar to the ones did by Light et al (1979), indicated that kids had the option to perform above levels anticipated by Piaget when assignments were performed inside a significant setting for the youngsters. Also, Donaldson (1978) featured the significance of structuring concentrates wherein the assignments to be performed sound good to the youngsters. These discoveries can be deciphered to highlight the interrelation among cognizance and social setting. In spite of the way that Piagets hypothesis recognizes youngsters become social, the accentuation of his hypothesis was intellectual and the job of social setting and collaboration isn't characterized or contemplated. Interestingly, Vygotsky proposed it is in certainty through social encounters that intellectual improvement happens in kids. His hypothesis imparted to Piagets hypothesis thoughts regarding the productive idea of improvement thus it was relevantly named social constructivism.

How to Find Borderline Personality Disorder Support

How to Find Borderline Personality Disorder Support BPD Treatment Print How to Find Borderline Personality Disorder Support By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on November 29, 2019 Image Source/Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions Most websites for people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) will tell you how important it is to find BPD support. This is because social support is an important predictor of mental health. But, research suggests that people with BPD have difficulties developing good support networks.?? It is not easy to find support if you have strained relationships with friends and family. So, where can you find support? Here are some ideas. BPD Support From Family Yes, many people with BPD have strained relationships with family, either because of past trauma or because the symptoms of BPD can interfere with family relationships (or a combination of both)??. But look a little closer. Maybe you can’t get support from your immediate family, but are there aunts, uncles, cousins, step-siblings, or other extended family members that you can get support from? Family Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Support From Friends Some people with BPD have few friends because the symptoms of the disorder have gotten in the way of friendships. Others have friends but have difficulty reaching out to them for support.?? If you don’t have enough friends, keep reading for ideas on how to find and build friendships. But,if you do have some friends, consider leaning on them for support occasionally if you don’t already. BPD Support From Professionals If you have BPD (or care about someone who does), the importance of professional support cannot be underestimated. People with BPD need professional treatment; the symptoms of this disorder are very intense and you should not go it alone.?? If you don’t already have a mental health professional that you work with, learn more about finding a therapist so that you can have helpful discussions with them. Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF BPD Support Groups In addition to online groups, there are support groups in most communities for people with mental health issues. For example, the National Alliance for Mental Illness runs support groups. See the NAMI website for details on where to find one near you. If you can’t find a support group focused on mental health issues, you can always attend groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous if you just need to be around people. Sometimes, you don’t even need to talk to feel supported. Social Groups Sometimes joining social groups that are not focused on support can help you make connections and friendships that can then turn into sources of support.?? For example, join a ski club, a hobby club, a book club, or a church group. Starting here will help you build a social network that you can turn to in times of need. Hotlines Sometimes the best source of support in a pinch is a telephone or online hotline. These are completely confidential and available twenty-four hours a day, something that is not always true for friends or other sources of support.?? One great hotline is the National Suicide Hotline (1-800-273-8255), but there are also online hotlines you can use (e.g., the RAINN hotline, which is a sexual assault and abuse hotline.) Other Sources of Support There are hundreds of other ways to find support, but it can be hard to come up with ideas when you are dealing with a crisis. Instead of trying to find support when you are under stress, make it a priority to think of ways to build support when you are not in a crisis. Where can you meet caring people who might make good friends? For example, consider volunteering, or other activities where you will meet people who care about the well-being of others. Once you have some ideas, push yourself to actually try some of these activities. You will be surprised at how quickly you can start to build a social support network when you push yourself to get to know people. Find Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Conflict Resolution Peace - 1927 Words

What is peace ? To some it is freedom of disturbance and to others it is the presence of tranquility. To those that study the field of conflict resolution, peace is seen as a concept that can be viewed as either negative or positive. Negative peace is the absence of war while positive peace is the integration of human society (Galtung). Though positive peace is the ideal standard that most would like to hold the world to, it is negative peace that is most present in society. Negative peace though having the benefit of lacking violence can still be detrimental to a society because of lasting effects a conflict could posses. An example that shows how negative peace does not automatically solve inherent problems in a society is the Central†¦show more content†¦To fully understand the reason why El Salvador is currently so dangerous one must look a the history of the country that lead to this point. After the country gained its independence in 1821, many different elements began to arise which left the people of the state worried. Components such as social class inequality, repressive military rule, and poverty played big roles in what soon became the factors that lead to civil war. Since 1931 El Salvador s government had been under military control, which in a economic sphere did not prove to be successful. The state was also plagued with fraudulent elections which always granted the military victory. The military regime was also closely allied with the elite of the country who were the ones that had the real power considering they controlled the state s economy. The elite needed the military in order to control the poor who were on the verge of revolting due to the inequality and lack of economic participation by their part. The elite controlled the country by keeping 41% of the population to no land because they wanted it in the hands of those that can produce significant profit. The majority of people who lived in the countryside were also not allowed to vote which furthered the narrative of a corrupt and untrustworthy government. The years leading up to the civil war were afflicted with repressive government rule which in the year 1980 became enough to tip the citizens of the country over the edge to a full

Rise of Greek Civilization Essay - 641 Words

What were the factors that contributed towards the rise of civilization in Greece? How is it something special in the intellectual world? Is it true that science and philosophy were born at the same time i.e. in the 6th century B.C.? What were the reasons for the early development of civilizations (E.g. writing in 4000 B.C.) in Egypt and Mesopotamia? When were the pyramids built? How did Gods get associated with morality, as in breaching law became impiety? What was the oldest legal code of Hammurabi, the king of Babylon? What was the Babylonian contribution to the growth of man? How was the Babylonian knowledge inherited by Thales in the 6th century? Points Sudden rise of civilization in Greece Role of Egypt Babylon (both around†¦show more content†¦It is evident that this process can be carried too far, as it is, for instance, by the miser. But without going to such extremes, prudence may easily involve the loss of some of the best things in life. The worshipper of Bacchus reacts against prudence. In intoxication, physical or spiritual, he recovers an intensity of feeling which prudence had destroyed; he finds the world full of delight and beauty, and his imagination is suddenly liberated from the prison of every-day preoccupations. The Bacchic ritual produced what was called enthusiasm, which means, etymologically, having the god enter into the worshipper, who believed that he became one with the god. Much of what is greatest in human achievement involves some element of intoxication, * some sweeping away of prudence by passion. Without the Bacchic element, life would be uninteresting; with it, it is dangerous. Prudence versus passion is a conflict that runs thro ugh history. It is not a conflict in which we ought to side wholly with either party. Teaching of Orpheus – transmigration of souls according to Karma (quite similar to the Hindu Karma) The conventional tradition concerning the Greeks is that they exhibited an admirable serenity, which enabled them to contemplate passion from without, perceiving whatever beauty it exhibited, but themselves calm andShow MoreRelatedEarly Western Civilization: Molded by Conflict or Consensus842 Words   |  3 Pages The question has been posed whether early Western Civilization was molded by conflict between civilizations or by consensus between divergent civilizations. Although it can be argued that both conflict and consensus have affected the development of Western Civilization, one of these has had more of an influence than the other. As early as Ca 3000, at the dawn of civilization, there has been conflict. When the city-states of Sumer were established, warfare and competition broke out due to disagreementsRead MoreEssay on Ancient Greece: A History in Eleven Cities 1046 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Ancient Greek world, from the early dark ages to late Antiquity, told uniquely thro ugh the history of eleven city-states or â€Å"polis†. Paul Cartledge’s Ancient Greece: A History in Eleven Cities, details the cultural traditions, trade, and politics that laid the foundation of the sprawling Aegean civilization. By examples of the successful polis Cnossos on the island of Crete, and continuing through to the rise of iconic Sparta, it is easy to trace the development of Greek civilization. The emergenceRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Early Civilizations Essay823 Words   |  4 Pages All the way from the start of civilization through to the Early Christianity there has been a pantheon of; destruction, recognition, wars, cultural diffusion, religious breakthroughs, laws that have been established, kings and queens crowned and dethroned. The Mesopotamian Civilization it was the land between two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers that civilization first began. The rise of civilization in 3200 B.C. through 525 B.C That was an act of human creation of the Near Eastern riverRead MoreGreek Influence on Western Culture Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesWhat were the contributions to Western civilization from the ancient Greeks? The Greek civilization contributed greatly to the development of modern Western culture. Three of the most important contribution that are the foundations of our society are Language, Philosophy, and Government. The people of ancient Greece developed a sophisticated language with an extraordinarily rich vocabulary. It has existed for nearly 3,500 years, the longest of any language derived from early Indo-European.Read MoreCause of the Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization1675 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many theories as to the cause of the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization, including violent conflict with the Aryans, intermarriage with the Aryans, floods, drought, and/or decline in trade with other societies. Topic 1: On several occasions in class, we discussed the processes of accretion and syncretism. Describe and analyze the cross-cultural influences in a Mediterranean and Indus Valley context. Your essay should provide examples of cultural (remember the components ofRead MoreThe Mesopotamian Civilization1548 Words   |  7 PagesFor 7000 years the sweltering sand of the Iraqi desert has held remnants of one the earliest known civilization, the Mesopotamians. Since then, literary historians and scholars have uncovered myths revealing an unforeseen buried past. These hallowed accounts have become the center focus of explaining the early history of the Mesopotamian civilization, and the natural phenomenon’s that have existed. In particular, the Babylonian epic of creation, Enuma Elish, which served the purpose of explainingRead MoreLibraries in the Ancient World by Lionel Casson1506 Words   |  6 Pageswritings and civilization beginning from the ancient Near East, Greece, Roma n Empire, Alexandria, and the middle ages. Not only that Casson also relates the development and archeological facts of the ancient library systems, holdings and addresses the connection between the rise in education and literacy, also the early development of the public libraries. The authors provides us various information about the ancient libraries providing their holdings, nature of publishing in the Greek and Roman worldRead MoreRise of the Roman Empire Essay examples1226 Words   |  5 Pages Rise of Rome nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The legend of Roman Empire, the strongest empire lasted more than 1,000 years in regions of minor Asia, Northern Africa, Europe including Spain, Britain, german and Gaul, which now we call France, was not created in one single day. The stories of ancient gods, heroes, and myths are part of their splendid chronicle, they are both practical facts and fantasies. Much of what we know today about the historical foundations of Rome comes to us from ancient writersRead MoreA Brief Study of Logographic Writing, Polis, Plato, and Alexander660 Words   |  3 Pagesearliest forms of writing and it first appeared in the areas of the world where evidence of civilization first was found. 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Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER THREE HISTORIAN Free Essays

string(95) " the Bronze knew all that went on in Terminus and had eyes at the end of every finger and toe\." HISTORIAN Janov Pelorat was white-haired and his face, in repose, looked rather empty. It was rarefy in anything but repose. He was of average height and weight and tended to move without haste and to speak with deliberation. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER THREE HISTORIAN or any similar topic only for you Order Now He seemed considerably older than his fifty-two years. He had never left Terminus, something that was most unusual, especially for one of his profession. He himself wasn’t sure whether his sedentary ways were because of – or in spite of – his obsession with history. The obsession had come upon him quite suddenly at the age of fifteen when, during some indisposition, he was given a book of early legends. In it, he found the repeated motif of a world that was alone and isolated – a world that was not even aware of its isolation, since it had never known anything else. His indisposition began to clear up at once. Within two days, he had read the book three times and was out of bed. The day after that he was at his computer terminal, checking for any records that the Terminus University Library might have on similar legends. It was precisely such legends that had occupied him ever since. The Terminus University Library had by no means been a great resource in this respect but, when he grew older, he discovered the joys of interlibrary loans. He had printouts in his possession which had been taken off hyper-radiational signals from as far away as Ifnia. He had become a professor of ancient history and was now beginning his first sabbatical – one for which he had applied with the idea of taking a trip through space (his first) to Trantor itself – thirty-seven years later. Pelorat was quite aware that it was most unusual for a person of Terminus to have never been in space. It had never been his intention to be notable in this particular way. It was just that whenever he might have gone into space, some new book, some new study, some new analysis came his way. He would delay his projected trip until he had wrung the new matter dry and had added, if possible, one more item of fact, or speculation, or imagination to the mountain he had collected. In the end, his only regret was that the particular trip to Trantor had never been made. Trantor had been the capital of the First Galactic Empire. It had been the seat of Emperors for twelve thousand years and, before that, the capital of one of the most important pre-Imperial kingdoms, which had, little by little, captured or otherwise absorbed the other kingdoms to establish the Empire. Trantor had been a world-girdling city, a metal-coated city. Pelorat had read of it in the works of Gaal Dornick, who had visited it in the time of Hari Seldon himself. Dornick’s volume no longer circulated and the one Pelorat owned might have been sold for half the historian’s annual salary. A suggestion that he might part with it would have horrified the historian. Of course, what Pelorat cared about, as far as Trantor was concerned, was the Galactic Library, which in Imperial times (when it was the Imperial Library) had been the largest in the Galaxy. Trantor was the capital of the largest and most populous Empire humanity had ever seen. It had been a single worldwide city with a population well in excess of forty billion, and its Library had been the gathered record of all the creative (and not-so-creative) work of humanity, the full summary of its knowledge. And it was all computerized in so complex a manner that it took experts to handle the computers. What was more, the Library had survived. To Pelorat, that was the amazing thing about it. When Trantor had fallen and been sacked, nearly two and a half centuries before, it had undergone appalling destruction, and the tales of human misery and death would not bear repeating – yet the Library had survived, protected (it was said) by the University students, who used ingeniously devised weapons. (Some thought the defense by the students might well have been thoroughly romanticized.) In any case, the Library had endured through the period of devastation. Ebling Mis had done his work in an intact Library in a ruined world when he had almost located the Second Foundation (according to the story which the people of the Foundation still believed, but which historians have always treated with reserve). The three generations of Darells – Bayta, Toran, and Arkady – had each, at one time or another, been on Trantor. However, Arkady had not visited the Library, and since her time the Library had not impinged on Galactic history. No Foundationer had been on Trantor in a hundred and twenty years, but there was no reason to believe the Library was not still there. That it had made no impingement was the surest evidence in favor of its being there. Its destruction would surely have made a noise. The Library was outmoded and archaic – it had been so even in Ebling Mis’s time – but that was all to the good. Pelorat always rubbed his hands with excitement when he thought of an old and outmoded Library. The older and the more outmoded, the more likely it was to have what he needed. In his dreams, he would enter the Library and ask in breathless alarm, â€Å"Has the Library been modemized? Have you thrown out the old tapes and computerizations?† And always he imagined the answer from dusty and ancient librarians, â€Å"As it has been, Professor, so is it still.† And now his dream would come true. The Mayor herself had assured him of that. How she had known of his work, he wasn’t quite sure. He had not succeeded in publishing many papers. Little of what he had done was solid enough to be acceptable for publication and what had appeared had left no mark. Still, they said Branno the Bronze knew all that went on in Terminus and had eyes at the end of every finger and toe. You read "Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER THREE HISTORIAN" in category "Essay examples" Pelorat could almost believe it, but if she knew of his work, why on Terminus didn’t she see its importance and give him a little financial support before this? Somehow, he thought, with as much bitterness as he could generate, the Foundation had its eyes fixed firmly on the future. It was the Second Empire and their destiny that absorbed them. They had no time, no desire, to peer back into the past – and they were irritated by those who did. The more fools they, of course, but he could not single-handedly wipe out folly. And it might be better so. He could hug the great pursuit to his own chest and the day would come when he would be remembered as the great Pioneer of the Important. That meant, of course (and he was too intellectually honest to refuse to perceive it), that he, too, was absorbed in the future – a future in which he would be recognized, and in which he would be a hero on a par with Hari Seldon. In fact, he would be the greater, for how could the working out of a clearly visualized future a millennium long stand comparison with the working out of a lost past at least twenty-five millennia old. And this was the day; this was the day. The Mayor had said it would be the day after Seldon’s image made its appearance. That was the only reason Pelorat had been interested in the Seldon Crisis that for months had occupied every mind on Terminus and indeed almost every mind in the Federation. It had seemed to him to make the most trifling difference as to whether the capital of the Foundation had remained here at Terminus, or had been shifted somewhere else. And now that the crisis had been resolved, he remained unsure as to which side of the matter Hari Seldon had championed, or if the matter under dispute had been mentioned at all. It was enough that Seldon had appeared and that now this was the day. It was a little after two in the afternoon that a ground-car slid to a halt in the driveway of his somewhat isolated house just outside Terminus proper. A rear door slid back. A guard in the uniform of the Mayoralty Security Corps stepped out, then a young man, then two more guards. Pelorat was impressed despite himself. The Mayor not only knew of his work but clearly considered it of the highest importance. The person who was to be his companion was given an honor guard, and he had been promised a first-class vessel which his companion would be able to pilot. Most flattering! Most – Pelorat’s housekeeper opened the door. The young man entered and the two guards positioned themselves on either side of the entrance. Through the window, Pelorat saw that the third guard remained outside and that a second ground-car had now pulled up. Additional guards! Confusing! He turned to find the young man in his room and was surprised to find that he recognized him. He had seen him on holocasts. He said, â€Å"You’re that Councilman. You’re Trevize!† â€Å"Golan Trevize. That’s right. You are Professor Janov Pelorat?† â€Å"Yes, yes,† said Pelorat. â€Å"Are you he who will – â€Å" â€Å"We are going to be fellow travelers,† said Trevize woodenly. â€Å"Or so I have been told.† â€Å"But you’re not a historian.† â€Å"No, I’m not. As you said, I’m a Councilman, a politician.† â€Å"Yes, Yes, But what am I thinking about? I am a historian, therefore what need for another? You can pilot a spaceship.† â€Å"Yes, I’m pretty good at that.† â€Å"Well, that’s what we need, then. Excellent! I’m afraid I’m not one of your practical thinkers, young man, so if it should happen that you are, we’ll make a good team.† Trevize said, â€Å"I am not, at the moment, overwhelmed with the excellence of my own thinking, but it seems we have no choice but to try to make it a good team.† â€Å"Let’s hope, then, that I can overcome my uncertainty about space. I’ve never been in space, you know, Councilman. I am a groundhog, if that’s the term. Would you like a glass of tea, by the way? I’ll have Moda prepare us something. It is my understanding that it will be some hours before we leave, after all. I am prepared right now, however. I have what is necessary for both of us. The Mayor has been most co-operative. Astonishing – her interest in the project.† Trevize said, â€Å"You’ve known about this, then? How long?† â€Å"The Mayor approached me† (here Pelorat frowned slightly and seemed to be making certain calculations) â€Å"two, or maybe three, weeks ago. I was delighted. And now that I have got it clear in my head that I need a pilot and not a second historian, I am also delighted that my companion will be you, my dear fellow.† â€Å"Two, maybe three, weeks ago,† repeated Trevize, sounding a little dazed. â€Å"She was prepared all this time, then. And I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He faded out. â€Å"Pardon me?† â€Å"Nothing, Professor. I have a bad habit of muttering to myself. It is something you will have to grow accustomed to, if our trip extends itself.† â€Å"It will. It will,† said Pelorat, bustling the other to the dining room table, where an elaborate tea was being; prepared by his housekeeper. â€Å"Quite open-ended. The Mayor said we were to take as long as we liked and that the Galaxy lay all before us and, indeed, that wherever we went we could call upon Foundation funds. She said, of course, that we would have to be reasonable. I promised that much.† He chuckled and rubbed his hands: â€Å"Sit down, my good fellow, sit down. This may be our last meal on Terminus for a very long time.† Trevize sat down. He said, â€Å"Do you have a family, Professor?† â€Å"I have a son. He’s on the faculty at Santanni University. A chemist, I believe, or something like that. He took after his mother’s side. She hasn’t been with me for a long time, so you see I have no responsibilities, no active hostages to fortune. I trust you have none – help yourself to the sandwiches, my boy.† â€Å"No hostages at the moment. A few women. They come and go.† â€Å"Yes. Yes. Delightful when it works out. Even more delightful when you find it need not be taken seriously. – No children, I take it. â€Å"None.† â€Å"Good! You know, I’m in the most remarkable good humor. I was taken aback when you first came in. I admit it. But I find you quite exhilarating now. What I need is youth and enthusiasm and someone who can find his way about the Galaxy. We’re on a search, you know. A remarkable search.† Pelorat’s quiet face and quiet voice achieved an unusual animation without any particular change in either expression or intonation. â€Å"I wonder if you have been told about this. Trevize’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"A remarkable search?† â€Å"Yes indeed. A pearl of great price is hidden among the tens of millions of inhabited worlds in the Galaxy and we have nothing but the faintest clues to guide us. just the same, it will be an incredible prize if we can find it. If you and I can carry it off, my boy – Trevize, I should say, for I don’t mean to patronize – our names will ring down the ages to the end of time.† â€Å"The prize you speak of – this pearl of great price.† â€Å"I sound like Arkady Darell – the writer, you know – speaking of the Second Foundation, don’t I? no wonder you look astonished.† Pelorat – leaned his head back as though he were going to break into loud laughter but he merely smiled. â€Å"Nothing so silly and unimportant, I assure you.† Trevize said, â€Å"If you are not speaking of the Second Foundation, Professor, what are you speaking of?† Pelorat was suddenly grave, even apologetic. â€Å"Ah, then the Mayor has not told you? – It is odd, you know. I’ve spent decades resenting the government and its inability to understand what I’m doing, and now Mayor Branno is being remarkably generous.† â€Å"Yes,† said Trevize, not trying to conceal an intonation of irony, â€Å"she is a woman of remarkable hidden philanthropy, but she has not told me what this is all about.† â€Å"You are not aware of my research, then?† â€Å"No. I’m sorry.† â€Å"No need to excuse yourself. Perfectly all right. I have not exactly made a splash. Then let me tell you. You and I are going to search for – and find, for I have an excellent possibility in mind – Earth.† Trevize did not sleep well that night. Over and over, he thrashed about the prison that the old woman had built around him. Nowhere could he find a way out. He was being driven into exile and he could do nothing about it. She had been calmly inexorable and did not even take the trouble to mask the unconstitutionality of it all. He had relied on his rights as a Councilman and as a citizen of the Federation, and she hadn’t even paid them lip service. And now this Pelorat, this odd academic who seemed to be located in the world without being part of it, told him that the fearsome old woman had been making arrangements for this for weeks. He felt like the â€Å"boy† that she had called him. He was to be exiled with a historian who kept â€Å"dear fellowing† him and who seemed to be in a noiseless fit of joy over beginning a Galactic search for – Earth? What in the name of the Mule’s grandmother was Earth? He had asked. Of course! He had asked upon the moment of its mention. He had said, â€Å"Pardon me, Professor. I am ignorant of your specialty and I trust you won’t be annoyed if I ask for an explanation in simple terms. What is Earth?† Pelorat stared at him gravely while twenty seconds moved slowly past. He said, â€Å"It is a planet. The original planet. The one on which human beings first appeared, my dear fellow.† Trevize stared. â€Å"First appeared? From where?† â€Å"From nowhere. It’s the planet on which humanity developed through evolutionary processes from lower animals.† Trevize thought about it, then shook his head. â€Å"I don’t know what you mean.† An annoyed expression crossed Pelorat’s face briefly. He cleared his throat and said, â€Å"There was a time when Terminus had no human beings upon it. It was settled by human beings from other worlds. You know that, I suppose?† â€Å"Yes, of course,† said Trevize impatiently. He was irritated at the other’s sudden assumption of pedagogy. â€Å"Very well. This is true of all the other worlds. Anacreon, Santanni, Kalgan – all of them. They were all, at some time in the past, founded. People arrived there from other worlds. It’s true even of Trantor. It may have been a great metropolis for twenty thousand years, but before that it wasn’t.† â€Å"Why, what was it before that?† â€Å"Empty? At least of human beings.† â€Å"That’s hard to believe.† â€Å"It’s true. The old records show it.† â€Å"Where did the people come from who first settled Trantor?† â€Å"No one is certain. There are hundreds of planets which claim to have been populated in the dim mists of antiquity and whose people present fanciful tales about the nature of the first arrival of humanity. Historians tend to dismiss such things and to brood over the ‘Origin Question.'† â€Å"What is that? I’ve never heard of it.† â€Å"That doesn’t surprise me. It’s not a popular historical problem now, I admit, but there was a time during the decay of the Empire when it roused a certain interest among intellectuals. Salvor Hardin mentions it briefly in his memoirs. It’s the question of the identity and location of the one Planet from which it all started. If ,we look backward in time, humanity flows inward from the most recently established worlds to older ones, to still older ones, until all concentrates on one – the original.† Trevize thought at once of the obvious flaw in the argument. â€Å"Might there not have been a large number of originals?† â€Å"Of course not. All human beings all over the Galaxy are of a single species. A single species cannot originate on more than one planet. Quite impossible.† â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"In the first place.† Pelorat ticked off the first finger of his left hand with the first finger of his right, and then seemed to think better of what would undoubtedly have been a long and intricate exposition. He put both hands at his side and said with great earnestness, â€Å"My dear fellow, I give you my word of honor.† Trevize bowed formally and said, â€Å"I would not dream of doubting it, Professor Pelorat. Let us say, then, that there is one planet of origin, but might there not be hundreds who lay claim to the honor?† â€Å"There not only might be, there are. Yet every claim is without merit. Not one of those hundreds that aspire to the credit of priority shows any trace of a prehyperspatial society, let alone any trace of human evolution from prehuman organisms.† â€Å"Then are you saying that there is a planet of origin, but that, for some reason, it is not making the claim?† â€Å"You have hit it precisely.† â€Å"And you are going to search for it?† â€Å"We are. That is our mission. Mayor Branno has arranged it all. You will pilot our ship to Trantor.† â€Å"To Trantor? It’s not the planet of origin. You said that much a while ago.† â€Å"Of course Trantor isn’t. Earth is.† â€Å"Then why aren’t you telling me to pilot the ship to Earth?† â€Å"I am not making myself clear. Earth is a legendary name. It is enshrined in ancient myths. It has no meaning we can be certain of, but it is convenient to use the word as a one-syllable synonym for ‘the planet of origin of the human species.’ just which planet in real space is the one we are defining as ‘Earth’ is not known.† â€Å"Will they know on Trantor?† â€Å"I hope to find information there, certainly. Trantor possesses the Galactic Library, the greatest in the system.† â€Å"Surely that Library has been searched by those people you said were interested in the ‘Origin Question’ in the time of the First Empire.† Pelorat nodded thoughtfully, â€Å"Yes, but perhaps not well enough. I have learned a great deal about the ‘Origin Question’ that perhaps the Imperials of five centuries back did not know. I might search the old records with greater understanding, you see. I have been thinking about this for a long time and I have an excellent possibility in mind.† â€Å"You have told Mayor Branno all this, I imagine, and she approves?† â€Å"Approves? My dear fellow, she was ecstatic. She told me that Trantor was surely the place to find out all I needed to know.† â€Å"No doubt,† muttered Trevize. That was part of what occupied him that night. Mayor Branno was sending him out to find out what he could about the Second Foundation. She was sending him with Pelorat so that he might mask his real aim with the pretended search for Earth – a search that could carry him anywhere in the Galaxy. It was a perfect cover, in fact, and he admired the Mayor’s ingenuity. But Trantor? Where was the sense in that? Once they were on Trantor, Pelorat would find his way into the Galactic Library and would never emerge. With endless stacks of books, films, and recordings, with innumerable computerizations and symbolic representations, he would surely never want to leave. Besides that – Ebling Mis had once gone to Trantor, in the Mule’s time. The story was that he had found the location of the Second Foundation there and had died before he could reveal it. But then, so had Arkady Darell, and she had succeeded in locating the Second Foundation. But the location she had found was on Terminus itself, and there the nest of Second Foundationers was wiped out. Wherever the Second Foundation was now would be elsewhere, so what more had Trantor to tell? If be were looking for the Second Foundation, it was best to go anywhere but Trantor. Besides that – What further plans Branno had, he did not know, but he was not in the mood to oblige her. Branno had been ecstatic, had she, about a trip to Trantor? Well, if Branno wanted Trantor, they were not going to Trantor! – Anywhere else. – But not Trantor! And worn out, with the night verging toward dawn, Trevize fell at last into a fitful slumber. Mayor Branno had had a good day on the one following the arrest of Trevize. She had been extolled far beyond her deserts and the incident was never mentioned. Nevertheless, she knew well that the Council would soon emerge from its paralysis and that questions would be raised. She would have to act quickly. So, putting a great many matters to one side, she pursued the matter of Trevize. At the time when Trevize and Pelorat were discussing Earth, Branno was facing Councilman Munn Li Compor in the Mayoralty Office. As he sat across the desk from her, perfectly at ease, she appraised him once again. He was smaller and slighter than Trevize and only two years older. Both were freshmen Councilmen, young and brash, and that must have been the only thing that held them together, for they were different in all other respects. Where Trevize seemed to radiate a glowering intensity, Compor shone with an almost serene self-confidence. Perhaps it was his blond hair and blue eyes, not at all common among Foundationers. They lent him an almost feminine delicacy that (Branno judged) made him less attractive to women than Trevize was. He was clearly vain of his looks, though, and made the most of them, wearing his hair rather long and making sure that it was carefully waved. He wore a faint blue shadowing under his eyebrows to accentuate the eye color. (Shadowing of various tints had become common among men these last ten years.) He was no womanizer. He lived sedately with his wife, but had not yet registered parental intent and was not known to have a clandestine second companion. That, too, was different from Trevize, who changed housemates as often as he changed the loudly colored sashes for which he was notorious. There was little about either young Councilman that Kodell’s department had not uncovered, and Kodell himself sat quietly in one corner of the room, exuding a comfortable good cheer as always. Branno said, â€Å"Councilman Compor, you have done the Foundation good service, but unfortunately for yourself, it is not of the sort that can be praised in public or repaid in ordinary fashion.† Compor smiled. He had white and even teeth, and Branno idly wondered, for one flashing moment if all the inhabitants of the Sirius Sector looked like that. Compor’s tale of stemming from that particular, rather peripheral, region went back to his maternal grandmother, who had also been blond-haired and blue-eyed and who had maintained that her mother was from the Sirius Sector. According to Kodell, however, there was no hard evidence in favor of that. Women being what they were, Kodell had said, she might well have claimed distant and exotic ancestry to add to her glamour and her already formidable attractiveness. â€Å"Is that how women are?† Branno had asked drily, and Kodell had smiled and muttered that he was referring to ordinary women, of course. Compor said, â€Å"It is not necessary that the people of the Foundation know of my service – only that you do.† â€Å"I know and I will not forget. What I also will not do is to let you assume that your obligations are now over. You have embarked on a complicated course and you must continue. We want more about Trevize.† â€Å"I have told you all I know concerning him.† â€Å"That may be what you would have me believe. That may even be what you truly believe yourself. Nevertheless, answer my questions. Do you know a gentleman named Janov Pelorat?† For just a moment Compor’s forehead creased, then smoothed itself almost at once. He said carefully, â€Å"I might know him if I were to see him, but the name does not seem to cause any association within me.† â€Å"He is a scholar.† Compor’s mouth rounded into a rather contemptuous but unsounded â€Å"Oh?† as though he were surprised that the Mayor would expect him to know scholars. Branno said, â€Å"Pelorat is an interesting person who, for reasons of his own, has the ambition of visiting Trantor. Councilman Trevize will accompany him. Now, since you have been a good friend of Trevize and . perhaps know his system of thinking, tell me. Do you think Trevize will consent to go to Trantor?† Compor said, â€Å"If you see to it that Trevize gets on the ship, and if the ship is piloted to Trantor, what can he do but go there? Surely you don’t suggest he will mutiny and take over the ship.† â€Å"You don’t understand. He and Pelorat will be alone on the ship and it will be Trevize at the controls.† â€Å"You are asking whether he would go voluntarily to Trantor?† â€Å"Yes, that is what I am asking.† â€Å"Madam Mayor, how can I possibly know what he will do?† â€Å"Councilman Compor, you have been close to Trevize. You know his belief in the existence of the Second Foundation. Has he never spoken to you of his theories as to where it might exist, where it might be found?† â€Å"Never, Madam Mayor.† â€Å"Do you think he will find it?† Compor chuckled. â€Å"I think the Second Foundation, whatever it was and however important it might have been, was wiped out in the time of Arkady Darell. I believe her story.† â€Å"Indeed? In that case, why did you betray your friend? If he were searching for something that does not exist, what harm could he have done by propounding his quaint theories?† Compor said, â€Å"It is not the truth alone that can harm. His theories may have been merely quaint, but they might have succeeded in unsettling the people of Terminus and, by introducing doubts and fears as to the Foundation’s role in the great drama of Galactic history, have weakened its leadership of the Federation and its dreams of a Second Galactic Empire. Clearly you thought this yourself, or you would not have seized him on the floor of the Council, and you would not now be forcing him into exile without trial. Why have you done so, if I may ask, Mayor?† â€Å"Shall we say that I was cautious enough to wonder if there were some faint chance that he might be right, and that the expression of his views might be actively and directly dangerous?† Compor said nothing. Branno said, â€Å"I agree with you, but I am forced by the responsibilities of my position to consider the possibility. Let me ask you again if you have any indication as to where he might think the Second Foundation exists, and where he might go.† â€Å"I have none.† â€Å"He has never given you any hints in that direction?† â€Å"No, of course not.† â€Å"Never? Don’t dismiss the thought easily. Think! Never?† â€Å"Never,† said Compor firmly. â€Å"No hints? no joking remarks? no doodles? no thoughtful abstractions at moments that achieve significance as you look back on them?† â€Å"None. I tell you, Madam Mayor, his dreams of the Second Foundation are the most nebulous starshine. You know it, and you but waste your time and your emotions in your concern over it.† â€Å"You are not by some chance suddenly changing sides again and protecting the friend you delivered into my hands?† â€Å"No,† said Compor. â€Å"I turned him over to you for what seemed to me to be good and patriotic reasons. I have no reason to regret the action, or to change my attitude.† â€Å"Then you can give me no hint as to where he might go once he has a ship at his disposal?† â€Å"As I have already said†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And yet, Councilman,† and here the lines of the Mayor’s face so folded as to make her seem wistful, â€Å"I would like to know where he goes.† â€Å"In that case, I think you ought to place a hyper-relay on his ship.† â€Å"I have thought of that, Councilman. He is, however, a suspicious man and I suspect he will find it – however cleverly it might be placed. Of course, it might be placed in such a way that he cannot remove it without crippling the ship, and he might therefore be forced to leave it in place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"An excellent notion.† â€Å"Except that,† said Branno, â€Å"he would then be inhibited. He might not go where he would go if he felt himself free and untrammeled. The knowledge I would gain would be useless to me.† â€Å"In that case, it appears you cannot find out where he will go.† â€Å"I might, for I intend to be very primitive. A person who expects the completely sophisticated and who guards against it is quite apt never to think of the primitive. – I’m thinking of having Trevize followed.† â€Å"Followed?† â€Å"Exactly. By, another pilot in another spaceship. See how astonished you are at the thought? He would be equally astonished. He might not think of scouring space for an accompanying mass and, in any case, we will see to it that his ship is not equipped with our latest mass-detection devices.† Compor said, â€Å"Madam Mayor, I speak with all possible respect, but I must point out that you lack experience in space flight. To have one ship followed by another is never done – because it won’t work. Trevize will escape with the first hyperspatial jump. Even if he doesn’t know he is being followed, that first jump will be his path to freedom. If he doesn’t have a hyper-relay on board ship, he can’t be traced.† â€Å"I admit my lack of experience. Unlike you and Trevize, I have had no naval training. Nevertheless, I am told by my advisers – who have had such training – that if a ship is observed immediately prior to a jump, its direction, speed, and acceleration make it possible to guess what the jump might be – in a general way. Given a good computer and an excellent sense of judgment, a follower might duplicate the jump closely enough to pick up the trail at the other end – especially if the follower has a good mass-detector.† â€Å"That might happen once,† said Compor energetically, â€Å"even twice if the follower is very lucky, but that’s it. You can’t rely on such things.† â€Å"Perhaps we can. – Councilman Compor, you have hyper-raced in your time. You see, I know a great deal about you. You are an excellent pilot and have done amazing things when it comes to following a competitor through a jump.† Compor’s eyes widened. He almost squirmed in his chair. â€Å"I was in college then. I am older now.† â€Å"Not too old. Not yet thirty-five. Consequently you are going to follow Trevize, Councilman. Where he goes, you will follow, and you will report back to me. You will leave soon after Trevize does, and he will be leaving in a few hours. If you refuse the task, Councilman, you will be imprisoned for treason. If you take the ship that we will provide for you, and if you fail to follow, you need not bother coming back. You will be shot out of space if you try.† Compor rose sharply to his feet. â€Å"! have a life to live. I have work to do. I have a wife. I cannot leave it all.† â€Å"You will have to. Those of us who choose to serve the Foundation must be prepared at ail times to serve it in a prolonged and uncomfortable fashion, if that should become necessary.† â€Å"My wife must go with me, of course.† â€Å"Do you take me for an idiot? She stays here, of course.† â€Å"As a hostage?† â€Å"If you like the word. I prefer to say that you will be taking yourself into danger and my kind heart wants her to stay here where she will not be in danger. – There is no room for discussion. You are as much under arrest as Trevize is, and I am sure you understand I must act quickly – before the euphoria enveloping Terminus wears off. I fear my star will soon be in the descendant.† Kodell said, â€Å"You were not easy on him, Madam Mayor.† The Mayor said with a sniff, â€Å"Why should I have been? He betrayed a friend.† â€Å"That was useful to us.† â€Å"Yes, as it happened. His next betrayal, however, might not be.† â€Å"Why should there be another?† â€Å"Come, Liono,† said Branno impatiently, â€Å"don’t play games with me. Anyone who displays a capacity for double-dealing must forever be suspected of being capable of displaying it again.† â€Å"He may use the capability to combine with Trevize once again. Together, they may†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You don’t believe that. With all his folly and naivete, Trevize goes straight for his goal. He does not understand betrayal and he will never, under any circumstances, trust Compor a second time.† Kodell said, â€Å"Pardon me, Mayor, but let me make sure I follow your thinking. How far, then, can you trust Compor? How do you know he will follow Trevize and report honestly? Do you count on his fears for the welfare of his wife as a restraint? His longing to return to her?† â€Å"Both are factors, but I don’t entirely rely on that. On Compor’s ship there will be a hyper-relay. Trevize would suspect pursuit and would search for one. However Compor – being the pursuer – will, I assume, not suspect pursuit and will not search for one. – Of course, if he does, and if he finds it, then we must depend on the attractions of his wife.† Kodell laughed. â€Å"To think I once had to give you lessons. And the purpose of the pursuit?† â€Å"A double layer of protection. If Trevize is caught, it may be that Compor will carry on and give us the information that Trevize will not be able to.† â€Å"One more question. What if, by some chance, Trevize finds the Second Foundation, and we learn of it through him, or through Compor, or if we gain reason to suspect its existence – despite the deaths of both?† â€Å"I’m hoping the Second Foundation does exist, Liono,† she said. â€Å"In any case, the Seldon Plan is not going to serve us much longer. The great Hari Seldon devised it in the dying days of the Empire, when technological advance had virtually stopped. Seldon was a product of his times, too, and however brilliant this semimythical science of psychohistory must have been, it could not rise out of its roots. It surely would not allow for raid technological advance. The Foundation has been achieving that, especially in this last century. We have mass-detection devices of a kind undreamed of earlier, computers that can respond to thought, and – most of all – mental shielding. The Second Foundation cannot control us for much longer, if they can do so now. I want, in my final years in power, to be the one to start Terminus on a new path.† â€Å"And if there is, in fact, no Second Foundation?† â€Å"Then we start on a new path at once.† The troubled sleep that had finally come to Trevize did not last long. A touch on his shoulder was repeated a second time. Trevize started up, bleary and utterly failing to understand why he should be in a strange bed. â€Å"What – What – ?† Pelorat said to him apologetically, â€Å"I’m sorry, Councilman Trevize. You are my guest and I owe you rest, but the Mayor is here.† He was standing at the side of the bed in flannel pajamas and shivering slightly. Trevize’s senses leaped to a weary wakefulness and he remembered. The Mayor was in Pelorat’s living room, looking as composed as always. Kodell was with her, rubbing lightly at his white mustache. Trevize adjusted his sash to the proper snugness and wondered how long the two of them – Branno and Kodell – were ever apart. Trevize said mockingly, † Has the Council recovered yet? Are its members concerned over the absence of one of them?† The Mayor said, â€Å"There are signs of life, yes, but not enough to do you any good. There is no question but that I still have the power to force you to leave. You will be taken to Ultimate Spaceport†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Not Terminus Spaceport, Madam Mayor? Am I to be deprived of a proper farewell from weeping thousands?† â€Å"I see you have recovered your penchant for teenage silliness, Councilman, and I am pleased. It stills what might otherwise be a certain rising twinge of conscience. At Ultimate Spaceport, you and Professor Pelorat will leave quietly.† â€Å"And never return?† â€Å"And perhaps never return. Of course,† and here she smiled briefly, â€Å"if you discover something of so great an importance and usefulness that even I will be glad to have you back with your information, you will return. You may even be treated with honor.† Trevize nodded casually, â€Å"That may happen.† â€Å"Almost anything may happen. – In any case, you will be comfortable. You are being assigned a recently completed pocket-cruiser, the Far Star, named for Hober Mallow’s cruiser. One person can handle it, though it will hold as many as three with reasonable comfort.† Trevize was jolted out of his carefully assumed mood of light irony. â€Å"Fully armed?† â€Å"Unarmed but otherwise fully equipped. Wherever you go, you will be citizens of the Foundation and there will always be a consul to whom you can turn, so you will not require arms. You will be able to draw on funds at need. – Not unlimited funds, I might add.† â€Å"You are generous.† â€Å"I know that, Councilman. But, Councilman, understand me. You are helping Professor Pelorat search for Earth. Whatever you think you are searching for, you are searching for Earth. All whom you meet must understand that. And always remember that the Far Star is not armed.† â€Å"I am searching for Earth;† said Trevize. â€Å"I understand that perfectly.† â€Å"Then you will go now.† â€Å"Pardon me, but surely there is more to all of this than we have discussed. I have piloted ships in my time, but I have had no experience with a late-model pocket-cruiser. What if I cannot pilot it?† â€Å"I am told that the Far Star is thoroughly computerized. – And before you ask, you don’t have to know how to handle a late-model ship’s computer. It will itself tell you anything you need to know. Is there anything else you need?† Trevize looked down at himself ruefully. â€Å"A change of clothing.† â€Å"You will find them on board ship. Including those girdles you wear, or sashes, whichever they are called. The professor is also supplied with what he needs. Everything reasonable is already aboard, although I hasten to add that this does not include female companions.† â€Å"Too bad,† said Trevize. â€Å"It would be pleasant, but then, I have no likely candidate at the moment, as it happens. Still, I presume the Galaxy is populous and that once away from here I may do as I Please.† â€Å"With regard to companions? Suit yourself.† She rose heavily. â€Å"I will not take you to the spaceport,† she said, â€Å"but there are those who will, and you must make no effort to do anything you are not told to do. I believe they will kill you if you make an effort to escape. The fact that I will not be with them will remove any inhibition.† Trevize said, â€Å"I will make no unauthorized effort, Madam Mayor, but one thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes?† Trevize searched his mind rapidly and finally said with a smile that he very much hoped looked unforced, â€Å"The time may come, Madam Mayor, when you will ask me for an effort. I will then do as I choose, but I will remember the past two days.† Mayor Branno sighed. â€Å"Spare me the melodrama. If the time comes, it will come, but for now – I am asking for nothing.† How to cite Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER THREE HISTORIAN, Essay examples

Plate Tectonics Essays (729 words) - Plate Tectonics,

Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics are a relatively new theory that has revolutionized the way geologists think about the Earth. According to the theory, the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates. The size and position of these plates change over time. The hypothesis of continental drift was largely developed by the German Alfred Wegener The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. Plate tectonics is a combination of two earlier ideas, continental drift and sea-floor spreading. Continental drift is the movement of continents over the Earth's surface and in their change in position relative to each other. Sea-floor spreading is the creation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and movement of the crust away from the mid-ocean ridges. Plate Boundaries are located around the boarder of the plate. It is where the plates collide. There are different types of Boundaries, Divergent Plates transform boundary Subduction boundary and collisional boundary. A divergent boundary occurs where two plates move apart, allowing magma, or molten rock, to rise from the Earth's interior to fill in the gap. The two plates move away from each other like two conveyor belts moving in opposite directions. Plate area is increased as the plates move apart. Plate movement takes place laterally away from the plate boundary, which is normally marked by a rise or a ridge. The ridge or rise may be offset by a transform fault. Presently, most divergent margins occur along the central zone of the world's major ocean basins. The process by which the plates move apart is referred to as sea floor spreading. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise provide good examples of this type of plate margin. Also known as spreading boundary. The rate at which each plate moves apart from a divergent margin varies from less than 50 mm per year to over 90 mm per year and can be determined from the pattern of magnetic anomalies either side of a spreading ridge. Either side of a spreading center, weak magnetic anomalies 5-50 km wide and hundreds of kilometers long can be identified. Molten rock cools between diverging plates the magnetic minerals present align themselves with the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field at that time. The polarity of the Earth has changed at regular intervals throughout geological time. Magnetic north has alternated between the Arctic (normal polarity) and the Antarctic (reversed polarity). These long linear strips of magnetic anomalies form a symmetrical pattern either side of a spreading center. A record of the changes in the Earth's magnetic polarity has been established and dated for the Cenozoic and is the basis for magnetostratigraphy. This record, in conjunction with the magnetic stripes found either side of a spreading ridge, allows the rate and pattern of sea floor spreading to be examined. At a convergent boundary two plates are in relative motion towards each other. One of the two plates slides down below the other at an angle of around 45 degrees and is incorporated into the Earth's mantle along a subduction zone. The path of this descending plate can be found from analysis of deep earthquakes and the initial point of descent is marked on the surface by a deep ocean trench . Plate area is reduced along the subduction zone. When two plates of oceanic crust collide a volcanic island arc may form. As one of the plates is subducted beneath the other it begins to melt at a depth of between 90 and 150 km and the resulting magma rises to the surface above the subduction zone to form a chain or arc of volcanoes. The edge of the plate, which is not descending, is therefore marked by a chain of volcanic islands. A transform boundary occurs where two plates slide against each other. But rather than sliding smoothly, the plates build up tension, then release the tension with a spurt of movement. This movement is felt as an earthquake. The San Andreas fault system is the most famous example of this type of boundary. Here two plates move laterally past each other and oceanic crust is neither created nor destroyed. A collisional boundary occurs where two land masses on plates are pushed together. Trying to occupy the same space, the land masses buckle and fold, creating mountain ranges. In conclusion there are four types of plates. They are constantly moving because of the convection cell. Because of the plate colliding the earth changes in shape. By Earthquakes, Mountains

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History

The Lowbrow Movement in Art History Lowbrow is a movement - slowly gaining momentum - that doesnt necessarily care if The Art World recognizes it as such. What matters to Lowbrow is that most of us average people do recognize it. Anyone who has ever watched cartoons, read Mad magazine, enjoyed a John Waters film, consumed a product with a corporate logo or possessed a sense of humor shouldnt have a hard time getting comfy with Lowbrow. Lowbrow-the-Movement has here been assigned a circa of 1994, as that is the year that Lowbrow artist extraordinaire Robert Williams founded Juxtapoz magazine. Juxtapoz showcases Lowbrow artists and is currently the second best-selling art magazine in the U.S. (This seems like a good time to mention, too, that Williams claims copyright on the word Lowbrow. As both pioneer and current grandee of the movement, he is certainly entitled.) The roots of Lowbrow, however, go back decades to Southern California hotrods (Kustom Kars) and surf culture. Ed (Big Daddy) Roth is frequently credited with getting Lowbrow, as a movement, underway by creating Rat Fink in the late 1950s. During the 60s, Lowbrow (not known as such, then) branched out into underground Comix (yes, that is how it is spelled, in this context) - particularly Zap and the work of R. Crumb, Victor Moscoso, S. Clay Wilson and the aforementioned Williams. Over the years, Lowbrow has unapologetically picked up influences from classic cartoons, 60s TV sitcoms, psychedelic (and any other type of) rock music, pulp art, soft porn, comic books, sci-fi, B (or lower) horror movies, Japanese anime and black velvet Elvis, among many other subcultural offerings. The Legitimacy of the Lowbrow Art Movement Well, The Art World seems to get to decide these things. Time will tell. Its worth noting, however, that The Art World didnt cotton to many movements when they first emerged. The Impressionists endured years of lampooning by art critics - many of whom probably went to their graves kicking themselves black and blue for not buying early Impressionist works. Similar stories exist about Dada, Expressionism, Surrealism, Fauvism, the Indian River School, Realism, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood...aw, gee whiz. Itd be easier to list the times The Art World got in on the ground floor of a movement, wouldnt it? If the test of time for legitimacy (as an artistic movement) means that Lowbrow speaks/spoke, in visual terms, to the millions of us who share a common cultural, symbolic language - albeit a lower or middle class, media-driven language - then, yes, Lowbrow is here to stay. Anthropologists will probably study Lowbrow in the future, to attempt to figure out late 20th and early 21st U.S. societal influences. Characteristics of Lowbrow Art Lowbrow was born of underground or street culture. The single most common tactic that Lowbrow artists employ is to poke fun at convention. They know the rules of art and consciously choose not to abide by them. Lowbrow art has a sense of humor. Sometimes the humor is gleeful, sometimes its impish and sometimes its born of sarcastic comment, but it is always present. Lowbrow draws heavily on icons of popular culture, particularly those now commonly known as Retro. Tail-end Baby Boomers will recognize them straight away​ unless said Boomers were raised in an environment that disallowed outside influences. Lowbrow, while it is defining itself, goes by a number of aliases: underground, visionary, Neo-Pop, anti-establishment and Kustom are but several examples. Additionally, John Seabrook has coined the phrase Nobrow, and one has also seen the term Newbrow. For the time being, most Lowbrow art isnt sanctioned by the critical/curatorial/gallery-going mainstream. The few exceptions to this seem to be happening primarily in the greater Los Angeles area, with a smattering of southern Florida exhibitions thrown in. Juxtapoz magazine is the best bet for becoming acquainted with Lowbrow artists. Lowbrow currently suffers something of an identity crisis, due to having a wide variety of artists lumped into it. For example, the designer of a simple, kitschy decal may be accorded the same Lowbrow designation as the artist who composes a technically masterful Lowbrow painting or sci-fi sculpture. Hopefully, this will sort itself out in years to come. Meanwhile, you might want to begin collecting Lowbrow now, for the sakes of your grandchildren.

What Sections Are on the ACT All 4 Test Sections, Explained

What Sections Are on the ACT All 4 Test Sections, Explained SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re not sure what sections are on the ACT, we can help! In this guide to ACT sections, we’ll give you a quick summary of all the sections of the test. Then, we’ll take a closer look at each section. Finally, we’ll discuss which ACT test sections- and scores- are most important for you. ACT Sections: Quick Overview There are four sections on the ACT, and they are always offered in the same order: English, Math, Reading, and Science. If you take the ACT with Writing, the Writing section will be last. Every section is scored out of 36 points, except for Writing, which is scored out of 12 points. The longest section in terms of number of questions is English, with 75 questions. The longest section time-wise is Math, at 60 minutes. Reading and Science both give you 40 questions to answer in 35 minutes. Here’s a chart with a quick breakdown of the questions and time for each of the sections of the ACT: Section # of Questions Time Time/Question English 75 45 mins 36 seconds Math 60 60 mins 1 min Reading 40 35 mins 52.5 seconds Science 40 35 mins 52.5 seconds Writing (optional) 1 essay 40 mins 40 mins Total (without Writing) 215 2 hr 55 min (not counting breaks) - Total (with Writing) 216 3 hr 35 min (not counting breaks) - In the following sections, we’ll take a closer look at each of the sections of the ACT, in the order they appear on the test. We’ll discuss what’s tested, what question types you’ll encounter, and the most important tips for that section. Are you ready for your close up (look at ACT sections)? ACT Section 1: English The ACT English section has five passages with accompanying four-choice multiple-choice questions. In the ACT English section, you’re the editor: you’ll be looking at a passage and making sure that the grammar and punctuation are correct and that the passage is well-organized and rhetorically sound. The ACT English section tests two broad skill areas. First, it tests your knowledge of usage and mechanics- grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, and so on. Basically, do you know the rules of the English language and can you implement them correctly? The second broad skill area is rhetorical skills- your big-picture ability to make sure that a passage of writing flows, makes sense, and effectively communicates a point. You’ll receive a subscore for both usage and mechanics and rhetorical skills when you get your ACT scores back. Question Types Between the two broad skill areas of usage/mechanics and rhetorical skills, there are six question types on the ACT English section: Usage and Mechanics Punctuation (10-15% of test, 7-12 questions): These questions test your knowledge of the rules of proper use of periods, commas, apostrophes, dashes, colons, and semicolons. Grammar and usage (15-20% of test, 12-15 questions): These questions test your knowledge of grammar rules associated with subject-verb agreement, pronoun use, modifiers, verb forms, comparatives, superlatives, and some idioms. (Refer to our complete ACT grammar guide for more specifics). Sentence structure (20-25% of test, 15-19 questions): On these questions, you’ll be tested on your understanding of the correct relationship between clauses. You’ll have to correctly link clauses to make clear, correct sentences (not fragments or run-ons)! Rhetorical Skills Strategy (15-20% of test, 12-15 questions): Strategy questions target your ability to build the clearest possible argument. You’ll be asked if the author should add or delete particular material and then need to choose the answer that justifies your decision. Consider if the material in question strengthens the passage or if it’s confusing or irrelevant. Organization (10-15% of test, 7-12 questions): Organization questions test your ability to build appropriate introduction and closing sentences for paragraphs and to choose the best transitions. Basically, are you able to create a passage with clear structural signposts throughout? Style (15-20% of test, 12-15 questions): On these questions, you’ll be tasked with choosing the best words, phrases, and images to go with the passage’s tone. You’ll also need to correct sentences for excessive wordiness and redundancy. Style: it's not just for your closet. Most Important English Section Tips To get a solid score on the English section of the ACT, follow these tips! Develop a Passage Strategy Because the questions on the English test are integrated with the passage, it’s critical that you develop a solid, consistent passage strategy. We recommend the graf-by-graf approach. In this approach, you’ll skim an entire paragraph, then go back and answer all of the questions associated with that paragraph. This gives you enough context to answer the questions while still being efficient. But figure out what works best for you! Learn Essential Grammar Rules While there is an array of grammar rules that will be tested on the ACT English section, there are a few rules that the test likes to ask you about over and over again. These include rules about forming correct sentences and using proper punctuation, especially commas. Learning the most important rules inside out will take you successfully through a sizable chunk of the test! Don’t Be Afraid to Pick â€Å"No Change† Students are often afraid to pick â€Å"no change† because it seems like it’s a trick or too easy. But don’t avoid â€Å"No Change†! Sometimes the sentence really is fine how it is. In fact, if you aren’t sure of the answer, â€Å"No Change† may be your best bet for guessing! Change? I haven't got any. ACT Section2 : Math There are six main content areas tested on ACT math: Pre-Algebra, Elementary Algebra, Intermediate Algebra, Coordinate Geometry, Plane Geometry, and Trigonometry. Here’s a breakdown of the topics you can expect to see in each content area: Pre-Algebra: (20-25% of test, 12-15 questions) Basic operations (think PEMDAS) Place value Calculating square roots and exponents Scientific notation Factors Ratios, proportions, and percents Linear equations with one variable Absolute value and number order Basic counting techniques and simply probability Data collection, representation, and interpretation; simple descriptive statistics Elementary Algebra: (15-20% of test, 9-12 questions) Properties of square roots and exponents Solving algebraic expressions through substitution Using variables to express relationships Understanding basic algebraic operations Solving quadratic equations by factoring Intermediate Algebra: (15-20% of test, 9-12 questions) The quadratic formula Rational and radical expressions Absolute value equations and inequalities Sequences and patterns Systems of equations Quadratic inequalities Modeling functions Matrices Roots of polynomials Complex numbers Coordinate Geometry: (15-20% of test, 9-12 questions) Graphing equations, including lines, polynomials, circles, and other curves Graphing inequalities Properties of lines, including slope and parallel and perpendicular lines Distance and midpoints Conics (parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas) Plane Geometry: (20-25% of test, 12-15 questions) Properties and relations of plane figures, including angles and relations among perpendicular and parallel lines Properties of circles, triangles, rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids Transformations Proofs and proof techniques Simple applications of plane geometry to three dimensions, including volume Trigonometry: (5-10% of test, 3-6 questions) Right triangles Trigonometric functions: their values and properties, graphing, modeling Trigonometric identities Solving trigonometric equations Is this the right triangle or the wrong one? Question Types The questions on the ACT math section are all five-choice multiple choice questions. We covered the topics you can expect to see in the questions above. Some of these questions will be presented as word problems, and others as pretty straightforward math problems. Some will have figures, graphs, or charts. You can check out practice ACT math questions here to get a feel for the question styles. You should also be aware that the questions are loosely ordered by difficulty and content. Roughly the first 1-20 questions will be â€Å"easy,† questions 21-40 will be â€Å"medium† difficulty, and questions 41-60 will be â€Å"hard.† Of course, whether you experience a particular question as easy or difficult depends partly on your own comfort level with different concepts. But in general, more complex questions that take more time to solve come later in the test. Questions are also loosely arranged by subject matter. The first half of the test (questions 1-30) will have more algebra and pre-algebra questions, and the second half of the test will have more geometry and trigonometry. Most Important ACT Math Section Tips Here are 3 ACT Math section tips! Learn Critical Formulas The ACT doesn’t give you any formulas for the math section, so you’ll need to memorize any you’ll need to use. We have a guide to the most important ACT formulas here, as well as advice on the best way to practice and use formulas for ACT success. Bring an Allowed Calculator While you technically don’t have to have a calculator to solve any of the questions on the math ACT section, having one will make your problem solving much more efficient! But only some calculators are allowed on test day, so be sure to use one that’s permitted! It’s best if you’re familiar with that calculator, too, so try to practice with the calculator you are going to use on test day. Work on Time Management With 60 questions to solve in 60 minutes, one of the most challenging things on the ACT math section is time management. There are a number of strategies you can use to help improve your time management skills on this section, but here are some general principles: All questions are worth the same amount of points, so focus on faster and simpler questions first to maximize points. Don’t sink too much time into any one question. If you aren’t going for a super-high score, it may be better to focus more energy on fewer questions. You’ll feel less of a time crunch that way. Crunch is a good thing for your chips and a bad thing for your time. ACT Section 3: Reading ACT Reading presents you with passages and then asks you multiple choice questions that test your reading comprehension skills. Can you correctly understand and interpret passages on a variety of subjects? Can you interpret the meaning both of small details and major theme in a passage? Can you analyze author’s purpose and tone? These are kinds of skills that ACT Reading assesses. The actual test will present you with four subsections. Three subsections will have longer passages, while one subsection will have two paired passages. The subsections will come from four different subject areas and they always appear in the same order: Prose fiction/literary narrative: The kind of fiction passages you’re probably encountering all the time in English class. Also includes passages from literary memoirs. Social science: Nonfiction passages on soft sciences areas, like psychology, sociology, and education. Humanities: This is a broad topic area that includes both personal nonfiction pieces like essays and memoirs and also nonfiction pieces on the arts, literature, and philosophy. Natural science: Nonfiction passages about hard sciences topics like biology, chemistry, physics, and medicine. Any of the four topic areas could contain the paired passages, although it seems like literary fiction and humanities are the most frequent areas where you’ll see the paired passages. Quite a pair. Question Types There are five main types of multiple-choice questions that you’ll see on ACT reading. Big Picture Questions (about 10% of test; approximately 4 questions) Big picture questions ask you a question about the passage overall: the passage’s main theme or the author or narrator’s overall perspective. In general, you’ll be asked one big-picture question about each passage/passage set. Detail Questions (about38% of test; approximately 15 questions) Detail questions (also sometimes called â€Å"little picture† questions) ask you for straightforward information about a small detail in the passage. These questions are typically the easiest on this ACT test section, because they are literal questions and you can find the answer directly in the passage! Detail questions typically make up the largest proportion of the ACT Reading section. Vocab in Context (about10% of test, approximately 4 questions) These questions ask about the meaning of a word in the context of a passage. Typically, you’ll need to pick a synonym for a given word that still makes sense within the context of the sentence. Development and Function (about 22% of test, approximately 9 questions) Development and function questions test your rhetorical analysis skills. They’ll ask about the function of a particular phrase or paragraph within the passage, how the argument in the passage is developed and advanced, or how the passage is structured. Inference (about20% of test, approximately 8 questions) Inference questions ask you to make a logical conclusion about something based on the information available in the passage. Don’t be fooled into thinking these questions are subjective- the correct answer will always be supported by evidence directly in the passage! Investigate the passage. Find the evidence. Solve the potato murder! Most Important Reading Section Tips These tips will help you sail to success on the Reading section of the ACT. Passage Evidence Students often get tripped up on this section by questions that seem subjective at first glance. But remember this: all questions have one right answer, and that answer will always be supported by evidence from the passage. Don’t be tripped up by answers that seem like they could be right because they aren’t directly contradicted by the passage- only pick an answer if you are confident that the actual content of the passage supports it. Develop Passage Strategy Developing an effective approach to the passages on ACT reading helps you manage time and more easily find the correct answers to questions. Some people like to skim the passage first and others prefer to glance over the questions first. Both of these strategies can work fine. However, we don’t recommend closely and thoroughly reading the passage on your first pass. You won’t need every detail of the passage to answer the questions, so reading too closely is a waste of precious time. Hone your strategy. Rule ACT Reading. ACT Section 4: Science What’s tested: In spite of what you may think, the Science ACT test section tests your scientific interpretation skills more than your pre-existing scientific factual knowledge. It involves more reading- of passages, charts, and graphs- than anything else! Using the information in the passages, you’ll need to apply the scientific method, evaluate theories or hypotheses, and interpret data. There are seven â€Å"passages† on this ACT section. I put â€Å"passages† in quotes because not all of them will just be straightforward written material. You can expect to see three passages summarizing research and experiments (which may or may not include graphs and figures), three passages primarily made up of graphs and figures, and one paired passage set describing conflicting viewpoints on an issue. You can expect about 5-7 questions about each passage. Question Types There are eight question types split among the three passage types on the ACT science section. They are all four-choice multiple choice questions. Research Summary Passages There are three question types you can expect to see on research summary passages, related to designing and interpreting experiments. Experimental Design and Description: These questions ask you about how and why the researcher designed the experiment the way that they did. (For example: â€Å"In experiment 2, which solution was the titrant and which solution was the sample solution?). Many of these questions are simple reading comprehension questions that just require you to find the relevant information in the passage. Some of these questions ask you to choose the figure that best describes the experimental results. Hypothetical Experiment: These questions ask you to predict what would happen if one of the described experiments was changed somehow. Interpreting Experiments: These questions ask you if a certain scientific claim is supported by the results of the described experiments, and why. There will be two â€Å"no† answers and two â€Å"yes† answers, with different justifications. So you need to choose both if the conclusion is supported or not supported and why correctly. Data Representation Passages There are another three question types you’ll encounter on data representation passages, related to reading, interpreting, and working with data. Factual Questions: These data representation questions just ask you to identify factual information presented in the graph/chart/table/etc. They essentially test your ability to read different types of data representations. Identifying Trends: On these questions, you’ll need to read the graph or chart more holistically to identify if there’s a trend or relationship between two factors. Does the graph or chart show one thing increasing while another decreases? Do they both increase or decrease together? Extrapolations: These questions ask you to make a prediction based on what is shown in the graph or chart. Conflicting Viewpoints Passages Finally, there are two question types you’ll see on conflicting viewpoints passages. These are essentially reading comprehension questions based on descriptions of different perspectives on scientific issues. Understanding Viewpoints: These questions check your comprehension of one of the author’s points of view. No synthesis of the two viewpoints is required. Comparing Viewpoints: These Science section questions will ask you to identify similarities and differences between the two viewpoints. I wish all this science could be this delicious. Most ImportantTips Here are two tips to help you make the most out of the Science section! Hone in on the Information You Need Science passages often give you way more information than you’ll actually need to answer the questions. So instead of trying to absorb every factoid from the passage, it’s better to hone in on the information you actually need to answer each question. You can develop your own strategy for doing this, but you might try quickly skimming the passage for the main ideas first and then looking back more closely for the information you need to answer each question. Save the Paired Passage for Last Answering the questions for the paired passages will almost always take the longest, because you’ll likely need to read the passages more closely to be able to accurately compare them. Because all questions are worth the same amount of points, it make sense to leave the section that will take the longest for last. So skip the paired section when you come to it and circle back around at the end of the section so you don’t waste time you could spend on faster questions. If only the paired passages were as beautiful and soothing as this pair of swans. Optional ACT Section: Writing ACT Writing tests your ability to write a clear, well-argued essay that analyzes an issue in relation to different viewpoints- all in a limited 40-minute time period! You’ll then be evaluated along four domains and given a score from 1-6 by two graders, leading to a score out of 12. If all that sounds like a tall order, well, it is a lot to take in. We’ll break down what you need to do in this overview. The Topic and Prompt On the ACT Writing section, you’ll first be presented with the topic. This will consist of two parts. First, you’ll get a paragraph introducing an issue of some global or universal importance. It will most likely be something that’s primarily philosophical in nature and it will be something that can be argued from multiple angles. For example, the sample topic below is about the implications of â€Å"intelligent machines† for human society. After the initial introductory paragraph, you’ll be presented with three positions on the topic. The positions will be a little bit more nuanced that just â€Å"this thing is good† or â€Å"this thing is bad,† but they are only a couple of sentences each. Then comes the actual prompt, which is always the same and describes the task you need to complete with the topic information. So what’s the actual task? You will need to write an essay that clearly states your perspective on the issue, analyzes the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective, and supports your own position with well-developed, logical support. You can choose to completely agree with one perspective, partially agree, or make your own different perspective. Here is a sample topic (Intelligent Machines) and prompt from the ACT’s website. Intelligent Machines Many of the goods and services we depend on daily are now supplied by intelligent, automated machines rather than human beings. Robots build cars and other goods on assembly lines, where once there were human workers. Many of our phone conversations are now conducted not with people but with sophisticated technologies. We can now buy goods at a variety of stores without the help of a human cashier. Automation is generally seen as a sign of progress, but what is lost when we replace humans with machines? Given the accelerating variety and prevalence of intelligent machines, it is worth examining the implications and meaning of their presence in our lives. Perspective One Perspective Two Perspective Three What we lose with the replacement of people by machines is some part of our own humanity. Even our mundane daily encounters no longer require from us basic courtesy, respect, and tolerance for other people. Machines are good at low-skill, repetitive jobs, and at high-speed, extremely precise jobs. In both cases they work better than humans. This efficiency leads to a more prosperous and progressive world for everyone. Intelligent machines challenge our long-standing ideas about what humans are or can be. This is good because it pushes both humans and machines toward new, unimagined possibilities. Write a unified, coherent essay about the increasing presence of intelligent machines. In your essay, be sure to clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples organize your ideas clearly and logically communicate your ideas effectively in standard written English Your perspective may be in full agreement with any of the others, in partial agreement, or wholly different. HowWill Your Essay Be Assessed? There are four domains in which ACT graders will be assessing your essay: Ideas and analysis: This domain refers to how well you discussed perspectives on the essay topic, including your own. A clear thesis is critical for this domain. Development and support: How well did you develop your thesis? How well-argued was your position? This domain assesses how you presented evidence in support of your perspective. Organization: This domain scores the organizational structure of your paper. Do your paragraphs come in a logical order? Do each of your paragraphs make a clear, well supported point with a topic and concluding sentence? Language use: Scores for this domain reflect your deployment of standard written English. Two different graders will give you a score from 1-6 in each domain, for a score out of 12 in each domain. These 4 domain scores will then be averaged for your total essay score out of 12. For a complete breakdown of scoring on this ACT test section, check out our guide to the ACT essay rubric. Not how your scores are assessed. Most Important Tips for ACT Writing Here are two tips for ACT Writing success. Become Familiar with the Rubric If you want to do well on the ACT Writing section, it stands to reason that you should have a good idea of what the graders will be looking for. So you should become familiar with the rubric for the Writing section. Seeing what makes for a solid score of 5-6 in each domain will help you deliver it! Choose One of the Three Perspectives While you can create your own perspective to argue in your thesis, it’s more efficient to simply choose one of the perspectives offered with the prompt to argue in support of. (You could also blend two perspectives). This will save you time in coming up with a new, unique argument, and make it simpler to analyze the relationship between your perspective and the other perspectives. When choosing between the three perspectives, pick the one you think you can support the best. Tip #3: Sharpen those pencils! Which ACT Sections Are Most Important? You may be wondering if your scores on some ACT test sections are more important than others. While this depends somewhat on you, in general, what’s generally going to be most important is your composite score. This is what colleges are typically most interested in. However, some research suggests that the English and Math ACT sections have the most predictive power for your performance in college. So some colleges may place comparatively more weight on English and Math than on Reading and Science. You’ll note that your Writing section score is not included in your composite score. You will probably not be surprised to learn, then, that the writing section score is the least important part of your ACT score. This doesn’t mean you should totally bomb it; if schools are requesting it you should still put in your best effort. But you probably don’t need to retake the entire test to raise up your 8/12 if you’re happy with your composite score. With that said, even though composite score is the most critical thing, having a higher score in your area of interest is definitely not a bad thing. So if your composite score is a 31 but you got a 34 on math and you’re applying to engineering, that 34 will matter to admissions officers. Similarly, it may set off red flags if your score in your area of interest is considerably lower than your other scores. (It’s one thing if it’s a 27 and all your other scores are 28s, it’s another if it’s a 27 and all your other scores are 33s). Sadly, ACT, Inc. won't send you a certificate of "Epic Win" if you get a good score. Key Takeaways: ACT Sections There are four required ACT test sections and one optional one. The sections of the ACT appear in the same order, as laid out below: ACT English tests your command of written English grammar and rhetoric. You’ll have 45 minutes to answer 75 4-choice multiple choice questions. ACT Math tests your math skills in pre-algebra, elementary algebra, intermediate algebra, coordinate geometry, plane geometry, and trigonometry. You’ll have 60 minutes to answer 60 5-choice multiple choice questions. ACT Reading tests your reading comprehension skills. You’ll have 35 minutes to answer 40 4-choice multiple choice questions. ACT Science tests your ability to read and interpret scientific information and your knowledge of the scientific method. You’ll have 35 minutes to answer 40 4-choice multiple choice questions. ACT Writingtests your ability to analyze an issue and argue in support of a position. You’ll have 40 minutes to complete an essay. This section is optional. What's Next? Looking for more information on the ACT? We can help you prepare for the test, figure out what ACT score you need, andwhat to expect on test day! If you want test practice, see our massive compilation of online practice testsand a compendium of all of our ACT guides and explainers. Trying to decide if you need to take the SAT and the ACT? We can help. We can also help you decide if you need to take the ACT with Writing. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial: